Ice formation on aircraft on the ground: The phenomenon of ground icing

Abstract

The article addresses the phenomenon of ground icing, the accumulation of ice on aircraft on the ground, which affects operational safety. Ground icing is caused by low temperatures and high humidity, forming frost (ice in crystals) and clear ice (transparent and dense). These types of icing alter the airfoil, increase weight and drag, and reduce lift and thrust. Factors such as ambient temperature, amount and type of fuel, flight time at high altitudes, and relative humidity contribute to their formation. It is essential to implement preventive practices and understand the risks to ensure safe air operations.